in 2015, using information about the voyages of Christopher Columbus and facts about the modern world – including modern perceptions of Columbus' actions. in 2015" as being truthful, ChatGPT acknowledges the counterfactual nature of the question and frames its answer as a hypothetical consideration of what might happen if Columbus came to the U.S. In one example, whereas InstructGPT accepts the premise of the prompt "Tell me about when Christopher Columbus came to the U.S. ![]() In comparison to its predecessor, InstructGPT, ChatGPT attempts to reduce harmful and deceitful responses. ChatGPT's training data includes man pages, information about internet phenomena such as bulletin board systems, and multiple programming languages. It can write and debug computer programs, mimic the style of celebrity CEOs and write business pitches, compose music, teleplays, fairy tales and student essays, answer test questions (sometimes, depending on the test, at a level above the average human test-taker), write poetry and song lyrics, translate and summarize text, emulate a Linux system simulate entire chat rooms, play games like tic-tac-toe and simulate an ATM. Here ChatGPT is asked a common-sense question: Was Jimmy Wales killed in the Tiananmen Square protests? ChatGPT correctly answers "no", but incorrectly gives Wales' age at the time as 23 instead of 22.Īlthough the core function of a chatbot is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is versatile. Users can upvote or downvote responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text field with additional feedback. OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further. Following the success of ChatGPT, Microsoft dramatically upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023. ĬhatGPT initially used a Microsoft Azure supercomputing infrastructure, powered by Nvidia GPUs, that Microsoft built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost "hundreds of millions of dollars". OpenAI's outsourcing partner was Sama, a training-data company based in San Francisco, California. The outsourced laborers were exposed to such toxic and dangerous content that they described the experience as "torture". These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism, etc.), OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers earning less than $2 per hour to label toxic content. TIME magazine revealed that to build a safety system against toxic content (e.g. These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). In the reinforcement learning step, human trainers first ranked responses that the model had created in a previous conversation. In the case of supervised learning, the model was provided with conversations in which the trainers played both sides: the user and the AI assistant. Both approaches use human trainers to improve the model's performance. ![]() The fine-tuning process leveraged both supervised learning as well as reinforcement learning in a process called reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). It is a task-specific GPT that was fine-tuned to target conversational usage, and was originally built upon an improved version of OpenAI's GPT-3 model known as " GPT-3.5". Part of a series onĬhatGPT is a member of the generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) class of language models. The chatbot is operated on a freemium model, where users on the original, free tier only have access to GPT-3.5, while ChatGPT Plus users also have access to GPT-4, albeit on a limited basis. The introduction of ChatGPT has spurred competition in the field, leading to the accelerated development of Google's chatbot Bard, initially based on LaMDA and later on PaLM, as well as Meta AI's foundation model LLaMA, which serves as a basis for other chatbot creations. īy January 2023, it had become the fastest growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users and contributing to OpenAI's valuation growing to US$29 billion. However, a notable drawback has been its tendency to confidently provide inaccurate information. ChatGPT is built upon OpenAI's foundational GPT models, specifically GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, and has been fine-tuned (an approach to transfer learning) for conversational applications using a combination of supervised and reinforcement learning techniques.ĬhatGPT was launched on November 30, 2022, and gained attention for its detailed and articulate responses spanning various domains of knowledge. The name "ChatGPT" combines "Chat", referring to its chatbot functionality, and "GPT", which stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, a type of large language model (LLM). ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot developed by OpenAI and released in November 2022.
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